管晏列传

原文（节选自《史记·管晏列传》）

司马迁
管仲夷吾者，颍上人也。少时常与鲍叔牙游，鲍叔知其贤。管仲贫困，常欺鲍叔，鲍叔终善遇之，不以为言。已而鲍叔事齐公子小白，管仲事公子纠。及小白立为桓公，公子纠死，管仲囚焉。鲍叔遂进管仲。管仲既用，任政于齐，齐桓公以霸，九合诸侯，一匡天下，管仲之谋也。

管仲曰：“吾始困时，尝与鲍叔贾，分财利多自与，鲍叔不以我为贪，知我贫也。吾尝为鲍叔谋事而更穷困，鲍叔不以我为愚，知时有利不利也。吾尝三仕三见逐于君，鲍叔不以我为不肖，知我不遭时也。吾尝三战三走，鲍叔不以我为怯，知我有老母也。公子纠败，召忽死之，吾幽囚受辱，鲍叔不以我为无耻，知我不羞小节而耻功名不显于天下也。生我者父母，知我者鲍子也。”

晏婴者，莱之夷维人也。事齐灵公、庄公、景公，以节俭力行重于齐。既相齐，食不重肉，妾不衣帛。其在朝，君语及之，即危言；语不及之，即危行。国有道，即顺命；无道，即衡命。以此三世显名于诸侯。

太史公曰：吾读管氏《牧民》《山高》《乘马》《轻重》《九府》，及《晏子春秋》，详哉其言之也。既见其著书，欲观其行事，故次其传。至其书，世多有之，是以不论，论其轶事。管仲世所谓贤臣，然孔子小之。岂以为周道衰微，桓公既贤，而不勉之至王，乃称霸哉？语曰：“将顺其美，匡救其恶，故上下能相亲也。”岂管仲之谓乎？

中文翻译

司马迁
管仲，名夷吾，是颍上人。年轻时常与鲍叔牙交往，鲍叔牙深知他的贤能。管仲家境贫困，常占鲍叔便宜，鲍叔始终善待他，从不计较。后来鲍叔辅佐齐国公子小白，管仲辅佐公子纠。等到小白继位为齐桓公，公子纠被杀，管仲被囚禁。鲍叔于是举荐管仲。管仲被任用后，主持齐国政务，齐桓公得以称霸诸侯，九次会盟天下，匡正天下秩序，皆出自管仲的谋略。

管仲说：“我当初贫困时，曾与鲍叔合伙经商，分财利时总多拿一些，鲍叔不认为我贪婪，知道我贫穷。我曾为鲍叔谋划事情，反而让他更困窘，鲍叔不认为我愚笨，知道时机有利有弊。我曾三次出仕却被君主驱逐，鲍叔不认为我无能，知道我未遇良机。我曾三次作战却三次逃跑，鲍叔不认为我怯懦，知道我需赡养母亲。公子纠失败后，召忽殉死，我被囚禁受辱，鲍叔不认为我不知羞耻，知道我不屑于小节而以功名不显扬天下为耻。生我者是父母，知我者是鲍叔啊！”

晏婴是莱州夷维人，侍奉齐灵公、庄公、景公三朝，以节俭和实干闻名于齐国。担任宰相后，他吃饭不设两样肉菜，妻妾不穿丝绸。在朝堂上，君主提及他，他便直言进谏；未被问及时，则以行动示忠。国家政治清明时，他顺应君命；政治混乱时，则权衡变通。因此三朝都享有盛名。

太史公说：我读过管仲的《牧民》《山高》《乘马》《轻重》《九府》及《晏子春秋》，其论述详尽。既然已读其著作，便想考察他们的实际作为，故为其立传。至于他们的著作，世间流传已多，故不赘述，只记录其轶事。管仲被世人称为贤臣，但孔子却轻视他。难道是因为周道衰微，齐桓公虽贤明，管仲却未劝其走向王道，仅成就霸业吗？古语说：“顺应其美行，匡正其恶行，故君臣上下能亲密无间。”这难道不是在说管仲吗？

英文翻译

Biographies of Guan Zhong and Yan Ying (From Records of the Grand Historian, Sima Qian)
Guan Zhong, styled Yiwo, was a native of Yingzhou. In his youth, he often associated with Bao Shuya, who recognized his talent. Guan Zhong was poor and often took advantage of Bao Shuya, but Bao always treated him generously. Later, Bao served Prince Xiaobai of Qi, while Guan served Prince Jiu. When Xiaobai became Duke Huan of Qi, Prince Jiu was killed, and Guan was imprisoned. Bao then recommended Guan to the duke. Once appointed, Guan governed Qi, enabling Duke Huan to become a hegemon, unite the feudal lords, and restore order—achievements all rooted in Guan’s strategies.

Guan Zhong remarked: “When I was poor, I once partnered with Bao Shuya in trade. I took more profit for myself, but Bao never accused me of greed, knowing my poverty. I once devised plans for Bao that worsened his situation, yet he never called me foolish, understanding the role of timing. I was thrice dismissed from office, yet Bao never deemed me incompetent, for he knew I lacked opportunity. I fled thrice in battle, but Bao never saw me as cowardly—he knew I fought to support my mother. After Prince Jiu’s fall, Zhaohu died in loyalty, while I endured imprisonment and shame. Bao never thought me shameless, for he knew I valued glory over petty dignity. My parents gave me life, but Bao understood my soul.”

Yan Ying, from Yiwu in Langya, served Kings Ling, Zhuang, and Jing of Qi. Renowned for austerity and integrity, he ate simple meals and dressed his wives in plain cloth. In court, he spoke bluntly when questioned and acted discreetly otherwise. In stable times, he obeyed orders; in chaos, he adapted. Thus, he earned fame across three reigns.

Sima Qian writes: Having read Guan’s Governing the People, Mountain Heights, Chariot Measurement, Weights and Measures, Nine Ministries, and Yan’s Spring and Autumn Annals, I find their accounts vivid. To understand their deeds, I compile this biography. Their writings are widely known, so I focus on untold stories. Guan Zhong, hailed as a sage, was criticized by Confucius. Was it because he failed to guide Duke Huan toward kingship, settling for hegemony? As the saying goes: “Uphold their virtues, correct their flaws, and unity will flourish.” Is this not Guan Zhong’s legacy?

背景补充

1. 历史地位：
   • 管仲：春秋齐国改革家，辅佐齐桓公成为“春秋五霸”之首，提出“尊王攘夷”战略，重视经济改革（如盐铁专卖）与法治。
   • 晏婴：齐国名相，以节俭、机智闻名，主张“以民为本”，在齐灵公、庄公、景公三朝稳定政局，外交上以“不辱君命”著称。
2. 思想核心：
   • 管仲：强调“仓廪实而知礼节”，主张经济基础决定上层建筑，注重实用主义与权变之策。
   • 晏婴：推崇“和而不同”，在君臣关系中平衡直言与忠诚，体现道家“顺势而为”的智慧。
3. 司马迁的评价：
   • 称赞管仲“九合诸侯，不以兵车”，凸显其以德服人的政治智慧。
   • 批评孔子轻视管仲，认为其“不慕王者”实为务实选择，暗含对儒家理想主义的反思。
4. 文学价值：
   • 以对话与轶事刻画人物，如管仲自述“知我者鲍子也”展现知遇之恩，晏婴“危言危行”凸显人格魅力。
   • 语言凝练，如“生我者父母，知我者鲍子”成为千古名句。
5. 现代启示：
   • 管仲的改革精神：经济政策与法治结合，对现代社会治理具有借鉴意义。
   • 晏婴的外交智慧：如何在复杂局势中维护国家尊严，对国际关系仍有启发。

此篇不仅记录两位名臣的功绩，更通过司马迁的评述，探讨了功业与道德、权变与原则的辩证关系，成为研究春秋政治文化的经典文本。