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原文（选自《三国志·蜀书·诸葛亮传》）
诸葛亮
先帝创业未半而中道崩殂，今天下三分，益州疲弊，此诚危急存亡之秋也。然侍卫之臣，不懈于内；忠志之士，忘身于外者，盖追先帝之殊遇，欲报之于陛下也。诚宜开张圣听，以光先帝遗德，恢弘志士之气，不宜妄自菲薄，引喻失义，以塞忠谏之路也。
宫中府中，俱为一体，陟罚臧否，不宜异同。若有作奸犯科及为忠善者，宜付有司论其刑赏，以昭陛下平明之理，不宜偏私，使内外异法也。
侍中、侍郎郭攸之、费祎、董允等，此皆良实，志虑忠纯，是以先帝简拔以遗陛下。愚以为宫中之事，无论大小，悉以咨之，然后施行，必能裨补阙漏，有所广益。
将军向宠，性行淑均，晓畅军事，试用于昔日，先帝称之曰能，是以众议举宠为督。愚以为营中之事，悉以咨之，必能使行阵和睦，优劣得所。
亲贤臣，远小人，此先汉所以兴隆也；亲小人，远贤臣，此后汉所以倾颓也。先帝在时，每与臣论此事，未尝不叹息痛恨于桓、灵也。侍中、尚书、长史、参军，此悉贞良死节之臣，愿陛下亲之信之，则汉室之隆，可计日而待也。
臣本布衣，躬耕于南阳，苟全性命于乱世，不求闻达于诸侯。先帝不以臣卑鄙，猥自枉屈，三顾臣于草庐之中，咨臣以当世之事，由是感激，遂许先帝以驱驰。后值倾覆，受任于败军之际，奉命于危难之间，尔来二十有一年矣。
先帝知臣谨慎，故临崩寄臣以大事也。受命以来，夙夜忧叹，恐托付不效，以伤先帝之明，故五月渡泸，深入不毛。今南方已定，兵甲已足，当奖率三军，北定中原，庶竭驽钝，攘除奸凶，兴复汉室，还于旧都。此臣所以报先帝而忠陛下之职分也。至于斟酌损益，进尽忠言，则攸之、祎、允之任也。
愿陛下托臣以讨贼兴复之效，不效，则治臣之罪，以告先帝之灵。若无兴德之言，则责攸之、祎、允等之慢，以彰其咎。陛下亦宜自谋，以咨诹善道，察纳雅言，深追先帝遗诏。臣不胜受恩感激。
今当远离，临表涕零，不知所言。
中文翻译
先帝开创大业未完成一半，却中途去世。如今天下分为魏、蜀、吴三国，益州（蜀汉）国力疲弱，这确实是生死存亡的关键时刻。然而，宫中侍卫的臣子日夜不懈怠，忠诚的将士在外舍生忘死，都是因为追念先帝的知遇之恩，想要报答陛下。陛下应当广开言路，弘扬先帝的美德，激励忠臣志士的士气，而不应妄自菲薄，言辞失当，堵塞忠臣进谏的道路。
宫廷与丞相府本是一体，赏罚功过不应因身份不同而有差别。若有违法乱纪或尽忠行善之人，应交由主管官员公正裁决，以彰显陛下公平明智的治理，不应偏袒私情，使内外执法不一。
侍中郭攸之、费祎、董允等人，都是忠厚诚实、忠心耿耿的贤臣，因此先帝选拔他们辅佐陛下。我认为宫中事务，无论大小，都应咨询他们，再付诸实施，必能弥补缺失，带来益处。
将军向宠，品行端正，通晓军事，曾被先帝称赞为能臣，因此众人推举他统领军队。我认为军中事务，无论何事都应咨询他，必能使军队团结，各尽其才。
亲近贤臣，远离小人，这是西汉兴盛的原因；亲近小人，远离贤臣，这是东汉衰败的根源。先帝在世时，每每与我谈论此事，无不痛心桓帝、灵帝的昏庸。侍中、尚书、长史、参军，这些都是坚贞忠诚、以死报国的臣子，希望陛下亲近信任他们，那么汉室的复兴，指日可待。
我本是一介平民，在南阳躬耕，只求在乱世中保全性命，不求显达于诸侯。先帝不因我出身卑微，三次屈尊拜访，向我咨询天下大事，我因此感激，答应为先帝奔走效劳。后来遭遇战败，我在危难之际受命，至今已有二十一年。
先帝深知我谨慎，临终时将国家大事托付于我。我受命以来，日夜忧虑，唯恐辜负先帝的信任，因此五月渡泸水，深入不毛之地平定南方。如今南方已定，兵甲充足，应当率领三军北伐中原，竭尽所能铲除奸凶，复兴汉室，还都洛阳。这是我报答先帝、忠于陛下的职责。至于权衡利弊、进谏忠言，则是郭攸之、费祎、董允等人的责任。
愿陛下托付我讨伐逆贼、复兴汉室的重任，若不能成功，请治我的罪，以告慰先帝在天之灵。若朝中无人进谏良策，则应问责攸之、祎、允等人，以彰显他们的过失。陛下也应自谋良策，采纳善言，谨记先帝遗诏。我受恩深重，不胜感激。
如今即将远征，面对奏表不禁泪流满面，不知该说些什么。
英文翻译
"Memorial Before the Northern Expedition" (From Records of the Three Kingdoms, Biography of Zhuge Liang)
Our late Emperor passed away before completing his great task, leaving the empire divided into three. Now, Shu is weakened—this is truly a critical moment of survival. Yet, the officials in the palace remain diligent, and the generals on the battlefield fight fearlessly, all because they remember the late Emperor’s kindness and wish to repay Your Majesty. You must open your mind to counsel, uphold the late Emperor’s virtues, and inspire loyalty. Do not belittle yourself or speak carelessly, lest you block the path of honest advice.
The court and the government are one. Rewards and punishments must not vary by rank. Let the authorities judge those who break the law or act righteously, ensuring fairness. Do not show favoritism, lest justice be distorted.
Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi, and Dong Yun—these men are loyal and wise, chosen by the late Emperor to serve you. I urge you to consult them on all matters, great or small, so that flaws may be mended and benefits gained.
General Xiang Chong is virtuous and skilled in warfare. The late Emperor praised his ability, and thus he was appointed to lead the army. I advise consulting him on military affairs to ensure harmony and efficiency.
Revere the virtuous, distance yourself from the corrupt—this is why the Western Han thrived. Favor the corrupt, neglect the virtuous—this led to the Eastern Han’s collapse. The late Emperor often lamented the reigns of Emperors Huan and Ling. Now, loyal ministers like the Minister of Ceremonies, the Prefect of the Masters of Writing, and the Staff Secretary remain steadfast. Trust them, and the Han’s revival is near.
I was but a commoner, farming in Nanyang, seeking only survival in chaotic times. Yet the late Emperor, disregarding my lowly status, visited me three times in my thatched hut, seeking my counsel. Moved by his sincerity, I pledged my service. After our defeat, I was entrusted with great responsibility in desperate times—twenty-one years have passed since then.
The late Emperor knew my caution and thus entrusted me with his final wishes. Since then, I have labored day and night, fearing failure would tarnish his trust. I crossed the Lu River in May, venturing into barren lands to pacify the south. Now, with the south secure and our army ready, I must lead the northern campaign to eliminate traitors, restore the Han, and return to Luoyang. This is my duty to the late Emperor and to you. As for weighing gains and losses, offering advice—that is the task of Youzhi, Yi, and Yun.
Entrust me with this mission. If I fail, punish me to appease the late Emperor’s spirit. If no good counsel is given, hold Youzhi, Yi, and Yun accountable. You must also seek wisdom, heed sound advice, and remember the late Emperor’s final decree. I am deeply grateful for your grace.
Now, as I depart, tears stain this memorial. Words fail me.
背景补充
- 历史背景：
- 公元227年，诸葛亮准备北伐曹魏，临行前上表后主刘禅，陈述治国方略，表达复兴汉室的决心。
- 全文以“报先帝，忠陛下”为核心，既是对刘禅的劝诫，也是对自己使命的宣誓。
- 核心思想：
- 忠君爱国：诸葛亮以“鞠躬尽瘁，死而后已”的精神，成为后世忠臣典范。
- 治国之道：强调“亲贤臣，远小人”，主张公正执法、广开言路。
- 北伐决心：表明北伐并非穷兵黩武，而是完成先帝遗志、匡扶汉室的必然之举。
- 文学价值：
- 语言恳切真挚，逻辑严密，既有政治家的气度，又有文学家的感染力。
- 名句如“苟全性命于乱世，不求闻达于诸侯”“受任于败军之际，奉命于危难之间”流传千古。
- 现代启示：
- 领导力：强调领导者应虚心纳谏、任人唯贤，对现代管理仍有借鉴意义。
- 家国情怀：诸葛亮的忠诚与担当，成为中华文化中“士人精神”的象征。
此表不仅是蜀汉政治的纲领性文献，更是中国古代忠义文化的巅峰之作。
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