原文(选自《三国志·蜀书·诸葛亮传》注引《汉晋春秋》)
诸葛亮
先帝虑汉、贼不两立,王业不偏安,故托臣以讨贼也。以先帝之明,量臣之才,固知臣伐贼,才弱敌强也。然不伐贼,王业亦亡;惟坐而待亡,孰与伐之?是故托臣而弗疑也。
臣受命之日,寝不安席,食不甘味。思惟北征,宜先入南。故五月渡泸,深入不毛,并日而食;臣非不自惜也,顾王业不可偏安于蜀都,故冒危难,以奉先帝之遗意也,而议者谓为非计。今贼适疲于西,又务于东,兵法乘劳,此进趋之时也。谨陈其事如左:
高帝明并日月,谋臣渊深,然涉险被创,危然后安。今陛下未及高帝,谋臣不如良、平,而欲以长策取胜,坐定天下,此臣之未解一也。
刘繇、王朗各据州郡,论安言计,动引圣人,群疑满腹,众难塞胸,今岁不战,明年不征,使孙策坐大,遂并江东,此臣之未解二也。
曹操智计,殊绝于人,其用兵也,仿佛孙、吴,然困于南阳,险于乌巢,危于祁连,逼于黎阳,几败北山,殆死潼关,然后伪定一时耳。况臣才弱,而欲以不危而定之,此臣之未解三也。
曹操五攻昌霸不下,四越巢湖不成,任用李服而李服图之,委任夏侯而夏侯败亡,先帝每称操为能,犹有此失;况臣驽下,何能必胜?此臣之未解四也。
自臣到汉中,中间期年耳,然丧赵云、阳群、马玉、阎芝、丁立、白寿、刘郃、邓铜等及曲长、屯将七十余人,突将、无前、賨叟、青羌散骑、武骑一千余人。此皆数十年之内所纠合四方之精锐,非一州之所有;若复数年,则损三分之二也,当何以图敌?此臣之未解五也。
今民穷兵疲,而事不可息;事不可息,则住与行劳费正等。而不及今图之,欲以一州之地,与贼持久,此臣之未解六也。
夫难平者,事也。昔先帝败军于楚,当此时,曹操拊手,谓天下以定。然后先帝东连吴、越,西取巴、蜀,举兵北征,夏侯授首,此操之失计,而汉事将成也。然后吴更违盟,关羽毁败,秭归蹉跌,曹丕称帝。凡事如是,难可逆见。臣鞠躬尽力,死而后已;至于成败利钝,非臣之明所能逆睹也。
中文翻译
诸葛亮
先帝认为汉室与曹贼势不两立,帝王之业不能偏安一隅,因此托付我讨伐逆贼。以先帝的英明,衡量我的才能,自然知道伐贼是敌强我弱。然而若不伐贼,王业也会灭亡;与其坐以待毙,不如主动出击?所以先帝毫不犹豫地将重任托付给我。
我受命以来,寝食难安。考虑到北伐应先平定南方,因此在五月渡过泸水,深入不毛之地,连日行军,饮食艰难。我并非不爱惜自己,只是王业不能偏安于蜀地,所以甘冒危险,以完成先帝遗志。然而朝中有人反对,认为此非良策。如今曹魏在西线疲惫,又在东线作战,兵法讲究乘敌疲惫而攻,这正是进军的时机。现将理由陈述如下:
汉高祖英明如日月,谋臣深谋远虑,但仍历经艰险,多次受伤才平定天下。如今陛下不如高祖,谋臣不如张良、陈平,却想以长远之计取胜,坐定天下,这是我不解的第一点。
刘繇、王朗各据州郡,空谈安邦之策,动辄引用圣人之言,却满腹疑虑,不敢征战,致使孙策坐大,吞并江东,这是我不解的第二点。
曹操智谋超群,用兵如孙武、吴起,却也曾困于南阳,险于乌巢,危于祁连,逼于黎阳,几乎败于北山,差点死于潼关,才勉强平定北方。何况我才弱,却想不冒险而取胜,这是我不解的第三点。
曹操五次攻打昌霸不克,四次越巢湖不成,任用李服却被其谋害,委任夏侯渊却致其战死。先帝常称赞曹操之能,他尚且如此失误;何况我才能平庸,岂能必胜?这是我不解的第四点。
自我到汉中,仅一年时间,却已损失赵云、阳群、马玉、阎芝、丁立、白寿、刘郃、邓铜等将领及曲长、屯将七十余人,精锐骑兵千余人。这些都是数十年聚集的四方精锐,非益州一地所能补充。再过几年,将损失三分之二,届时如何对敌?这是我不解的第五点。
如今百姓贫困,士兵疲惫,但战事不能停止;若战事不停,则防守与进攻的消耗相当。若不趁现在图谋,仅以一州之地与曹魏长期对峙,这是我不解的第六点。
世事难料。当年先帝兵败荆州,曹操拍手称快,以为天下已定。然而先帝东联孙吴,西取巴蜀,北伐斩夏侯渊,曹操失算,汉室复兴在望。但后来孙权背盟,关羽兵败,秭归受挫,曹丕称帝。凡事如此,难以预料。我只能竭尽全力,死而后已;至于成败,非我所能预见。
英文翻译
"Memorial on the Second Northern Expedition" (From Records of the Three Kingdoms, Commentary by Xi Zuochi)
The late Emperor believed that the Han and the traitor Cao could not coexist, and the imperial cause could not survive in isolation. Thus, he entrusted me with the task of eliminating the rebels. With his wisdom, he knew our strength was inferior, yet he chose me without hesitation—for to wait meant certain doom, while action offered hope.
Since accepting this duty, I have lost sleep and appetite. To secure the north, I first pacified the south, crossing the Lu River in May, marching through barren lands, enduring hunger and exhaustion. I do not act recklessly, but the imperial cause cannot stagnate in Shu. Thus, I risk danger to fulfill the late Emperor’s will—though some call it folly. Now, with Wei weakened in the west and distracted in the east, the time to strike is ripe. My reasons are as follows:
Emperor Gaozu, brilliant as the sun, aided by deep strategists, still faced peril before securing the realm. Your Majesty lacks his prowess, and your advisors are no Zhang Liang or Chen Ping. Yet you hope to win by long-term plans—this baffles me (Point 1).
Liu Yao and Wang Lang ruled regions but only debated peace, quoting sages while hesitating to fight. Their inaction let Sun Ce conquer Jiangdong—this baffles me (Point 2).
Cao Cao, a genius in war, nearly died at Wuchao, Qilian, and Tongguan. If even he barely survived, how can I, with lesser skill, expect easy victory? (Point 3).
Cao Cao failed five times against Chang Ba, four times at Chaohu. He trusted Li Fu, who betrayed him, and Xiahou Yuan, who died in battle. The late Emperor praised Cao’s ability, yet he erred thus—how can I, lesser in talent, guarantee success? (Point 4).
In one year at Hanzhong, I’ve lost Zhao Yun, Yang Qun, Ma Yu, and 70+ officers, plus 1,000 elite cavalry—losses accumulated over decades, impossible to replenish. In a few years, two-thirds will be gone—how then shall we fight? (Point 5).
The people are poor, the troops weary, yet war cannot cease. If so, defense costs equal offense. To delay and let one province resist Wei indefinitely—this baffles me (Point 6).
Fate is fickle. When the late Emperor lost Jingzhou, Cao Cao rejoiced, thinking the Han finished. Yet we allied with Wu, took Ba-Shu, beheaded Xiahou Yuan—until Wu betrayed us, Guan Yu fell, and Cao Pi usurped the throne. Such is life’s unpredictability. I can only strive until death; success or failure lies beyond my sight.
背景补充
- 历史背景:
- 公元228年冬,诸葛亮二次北伐前上表,回应朝中质疑,强调北伐的必要性与紧迫性。
- 与前表不同,本文更侧重军事分析,以“六不解”驳斥保守派,展现“以攻代守”的战略思想。
- 核心思想:
- 危机意识:指出“坐而待亡,孰与伐之”,认为消极防御必致灭亡。
- 务实精神:承认蜀汉劣势,但主张抓住战机,“乘劳而进”。
- 历史借鉴:以刘邦、曹操的成败为例,说明“险中求胜”的必然性。
- 名句解析:
- “鞠躬尽力,死而后已”:成为中华文化中忠臣精神的最高诠释。
- “凡事如是,难可逆见”:体现诸葛亮对历史不确定性的深刻认知。
- 争议与真伪:
- 部分学者质疑此文非诸葛亮所作(因《三国志》未载,首见于东晋《汉晋春秋》)。
- 主流观点仍认可其真实性,认为裴松之注引可信,且内容与诸葛亮思想高度吻合。
此表以理性分析包裹悲壮决心,既是军事奏章,也是哲学宣言,与《前出师表》并称“千古忠表双璧”。
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