原文
张载《正蒙·乾称篇》
乾称父,坤称母;予兹藐焉,乃混然中处。故天地之塞,吾其体;天地之帅,吾其性。民吾同胞,物吾与也。
大君者,吾父母宗子;其大臣,宗子之家相也。尊高年,所以长其长;慈孤弱,所以幼其幼。圣其合德,贤其秀也。凡天下疲癃残疾、惸独鳏寡,皆吾兄弟之颠连而无告者也。
于时保之,子之翼也;乐且不忧,纯乎孝者也。违曰悖德,害仁曰贼。济恶者不才,其践形,惟肖者也。
知化则善述其事,穷神则善继其志。不愧屋漏为无忝,存心养性为匪懈。恶旨酒,崇伯子之顾养;育英才,颍封人之锡类。不弛劳而底豫,舜其功也;无所逃而待烹,申生其恭也。体其受而归全者,参乎!勇于从而顺令者,伯奇也。
富贵福泽,将厚吾之生也;贫贱忧戚,庸玉汝于成也。存吾顺事,没吾宁也。
中文翻译
张载《西铭》
乾称为父亲,坤称为母亲;我虽渺小,却浑然生于天地之中。因此,充塞天地的元气,是我的躯体;统帅天地的本性,是我的天性。百姓是我的同胞,万物是我的同伴。
君主是父母的嫡长子,大臣是嫡长子的家臣。尊敬年长者,是尊重他们的长者身份;怜悯孤弱者,是呵护他们的幼小。圣人契合天道之德,贤者是人性中的精华。凡是天下老弱病残、孤苦无依之人,都是我的兄弟姊妹,困顿而无助。
(若能)时时护佑他们,这是子女的孝道;快乐无忧,是纯粹的孝心。违背仁德是悖逆,残害良善是盗贼。助长恶行是不才之人,践行人伦才是肖子。
通晓变化之道,是善于继承天道;穷尽造化之理,是善于延续圣志。不愧对屋漏(喻暗处),是无愧于心;存心养性,是永不懈怠。厌恶美酒,效仿伯奇的孝养;培育英才,如同颍考叔的施恩。不辞辛劳而使父母安乐,这是舜的功绩;无处逃避而甘愿受烹,这是申生的恭顺。体悟生命本源而保全本性,这是曾参之孝;勇于顺从父命,这是伯奇之忠。
富贵福泽,是厚待我的生命;贫贱忧患,是磨砺我的德行。活着时恪尽本分,死后便安然长息。
英文翻译
"Western Inscription" (From Zhang Zai’s Zhengmeng)
Heaven is called Father, Earth is called Mother; though I am but a speck, I dwell harmoniously within them. Thus, the vital energy filling Heaven and Earth is my body; the guiding principle of Heaven and Earth is my nature. The people are my siblings, all things are my companions.
The ruler is the eldest son of our cosmic parents; his ministers are the stewards of this primordial household. Honor the aged to uphold their dignity; cherish the orphaned and weak to nurture their youth. The sage embodies the virtues of Heaven; the worthy are the purest essence of humanity. All who suffer illness, disability, or abandonment in this world are my brothers and sisters in distress.
To protect them is the duty of a filial child; to rejoice without worry is pure devotion. To defy virtue is treason; to harm kindness is villainy. Those who foster evil lack integrity; those who fulfill their humanity are true heirs.
Understanding transformation means inheriting Heaven’s work; fathoming mystery means continuing its purpose. To feel no shame in solitude is integrity; to cultivate mind and nature is relentless effort. Abstain from wine, emulating the filial care of Boyi; nurture talent, as did Ying Kaoshu. Toil without ceasing for parental joy—this was Shun’s merit; facing death without escape—this was Shensheng’s reverence. To embody life’s essence and return wholly to it was Zengzi’s piety; to obey commands with courage was Boyi’s loyalty.
Wealth and honor enrich my life; poverty and sorrow temper my virtue. Live dutifully, die in peace.
背景补充
- 哲学核心:
- 天人合一:以乾坤喻父母,将宇宙视为有机生命体,强调人与天地万物的血脉关联。
- 民胞物与:提出“百姓是我的同胞,万物是我的同伴”,突破儒家差等之爱,主张普遍仁爱。
- 思想突破:
- 伦理宇宙论:将家庭伦理扩展至宇宙秩序,赋予自然现象以道德意义(如“富贵福泽”为天恩,“贫贱忧戚”为炼德)。
- 生死观:主张“存顺没宁”,将死亡视为自然归宿,消解对死亡的恐惧。
- 历史影响:
- 被程颢、朱熹等理学家奉为“孔孟后一人”,其“民胞物与”思想成为宋明理学“万物一体”论的核心。
- 明清之际,黄宗羲、王夫之等借《西铭》批判君主专制,重构“天下为公”的政治理想。
- 现代意义:
- 生态伦理:将人类从自然征服者转为共生意愿,对当代环境哲学具有启示。
- 社会平等:打破传统等级观念,为多元包容的社会理念提供思想资源。
此篇以简练诗文承载宏大宇宙观,被誉为“宋代理学第一文本”,其“民胞物与”的伦理观至今仍具现实意义。
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