子鱼论战

原文

《左传·僖公二十二年》
宋公及楚人战于泓。宋人既成列，楚人未既济。司马曰：“彼众我寡，及其未既济也，请击之。”公曰：“不可。”既济而未成列，又以告。公曰：“未可。”既陈而后击之，宋师败绩。公伤股，门官歼焉。

国人皆咎公。公曰：“君子不重伤，不禽二毛。古之为军也，不以阻隘也。寡人虽亡国之余，不鼓不成列。”子鱼曰：“君未知战。勍敌之人，隘而不列，天赞我也。阻而鼓之，不亦可乎？犹有惧焉！且今之勍者，皆吾敌也。虽及胡耇，获则取之，何有于二毛？明耻教战，求杀敌也。伤未及死，如何勿重？若爱重伤，则如勿伤；爱其二毛，则如服焉。三军以利用也，金鼓以声气也。利而用之，阻隘可也；声盛致志，鼓儳可也。”

中文翻译

《左传·僖公二十二年》
宋襄公与楚军在泓水交战。宋军已列好阵势，楚军还未完全渡河。宋国司马（子鱼）说：“敌众我寡，趁他们尚未渡完河，请下令进攻。”宋襄公说：“不行。”楚军渡河后尚未列阵，子鱼再次建议进攻。宋襄公仍说：“不可。”直到楚军列阵完毕，宋军才发起攻击，结果大败。宋襄公大腿受伤，卫队全军覆没。

宋国人都归咎于宋襄公。宋襄公辩解道：“君子不伤害已受伤的敌人，不俘虏头发花白的老人。古代用兵，不在险要处阻击敌人。我虽是亡国（殷商）后裔，也不攻击未列阵的敌军。”子鱼反驳道：“您不懂战争！强敌当前，他们身处险隘且未列阵，这是上天助我。趁势击鼓进攻，难道不应该吗？何况对方都是敌人，即使年老也应俘获，何况只是头发斑白的人？训练士兵是为杀敌，若敌人受伤未死，为何不再次攻击？若怜悯伤者，不如一开始就不伤人；若同情老人，不如直接投降。用兵以有利为原则，鸣金击鼓以鼓舞士气。有利时利用地形，何惧险隘？士气高昂时，击鼓进攻未列阵之敌也是正当之举！”

英文翻译

"Zi Yu's Discourse on War" (From Zuo Zhuan, 22nd Year of Duke Xi)
Duke Xiang of Song and the Chu army fought at Hong River. The Song forces were already arrayed, while the Chu army had not yet fully crossed the river. The Song general (Zi Yu) said, "They outnumber us. Let’s attack while they’re still crossing!" The Duke replied, "No." After the Chu army crossed but had not yet formed ranks, Zi Yu urged again, "Now is our chance!" The Duke still refused. Only when the Chu army was fully arrayed did the Song forces attack, resulting in a disastrous defeat. The Duke was wounded in the thigh, and his bodyguards were annihilated.

The Song people blamed the Duke. He defended himself: "A nobleman does not strike the wounded or capture gray-haired elders. In ancient warfare, we do not ambush at narrow passes. Though I am a descendant of the Shang dynasty, I would never attack an unprepared enemy." Zi Yu retorted: "You know nothing of war! When facing a formidable enemy halted by terrain and disorganized, this is heaven’s gift. Striking them with drums is not only justified—it is imperative! These are all our foes. Even the elderly should be captured. What mercy is there for graybeards? Training soldiers is to kill the enemy. If they are hurt but not dead, why spare them? If you pity the wounded, why wound at all? If you spare the old, surrender instead! Armies act for advantage; drums rally morale. Seize the terrain when favorable; charge when the enemy is unready!"

背景补充

《子鱼论战》记载了春秋时期宋襄公在泓水之战（公元前638年）中因坚持“仁义”而惨败的故事。子鱼（公子目夷）主张灵活用兵，批判宋襄公迂腐的“不击半渡”“不擒二毛”等行为，强调战争的本质是击败敌人，而非道德表演。此篇对比了两种战争观：宋襄公的理想主义与子鱼的实用主义，揭示了春秋时期军事思想与伦理观念的冲突。