邹忌讽齐王纳谏

原文

《战国策·齐策一》
邹忌修八尺有余，而形貌昳丽。朝服衣冠，窥镜，谓其妻曰：“我孰与城北徐公美？”其妻曰：“君美甚，徐公何能及君也！”城北徐公，齐国之美丽者也。忌不自信，而复问其妾曰：“吾孰与徐公美？”妾曰：“徐公何能及君也！”旦日，客从外来，与坐谈，问之客曰：“吾与徐公孰美？”客曰：“徐公不若君之美也。”明日，徐公来，孰视之，自以为不如；窥镜而自视，又弗如远甚。暮寝而思之，曰：“吾妻之美我者，私我也；妾之美我者，畏我也；客之美我者，欲有求于我也。”

于是入朝见威王，曰：“臣诚知不如徐公美。臣之妻私臣，臣之妾畏臣，臣之客欲有求于臣，皆以美于徐公。今齐地方千里，百二十城，宫妇左右莫不私王，朝廷之臣莫不畏王，四境之内莫不有求于王：由此观之，王之蔽甚矣。”

王曰：“善。”乃下令：“群臣吏民能面刺寡人之过者，受上赏；上书谏寡人者，受中赏；能谤讥于市朝，闻寡人之耳者，受下赏。”令初下，群臣进谏，门庭若市；数月之后，时时而间进；期年之后，虽欲言，无可进者。燕、赵、韩、魏闻之，皆朝于齐。此所谓战胜于朝廷。

中文翻译

《战国策·齐策一》
邹忌身高八尺多，容貌俊美。他穿着朝服，照镜子，问妻子：“我和城北的徐公谁更美？”妻子说：“您美极了，徐公怎么能比得上您呢！”城北的徐公是齐国公认的美男子。邹忌不自信，又问妾：“我和徐公谁更美？”妾说：“徐公怎么能比得上您呢！”第二天，有客人来访，邹忌与他交谈后问：“我和徐公谁更美？”客人说：“徐公不如您美。”次日，徐公亲自前来，邹忌仔细端详，觉得自己不如他；再照镜子，更觉相差甚远。晚上，他躺在床上思考：“我的妻子说我美，是偏爱我；妾说我美，是畏惧我；客人说我美，是有求于我。”

于是邹忌入宫拜见齐威王，说：“我确实不如徐公美。我的妻子偏爱我，妾畏惧我，客人有求于我，所以都说我比徐公美。如今齐国幅员千里，城池百余座，后宫妃嫔无人不偏爱大王，朝臣无人不畏惧大王，百姓无人不有求于大王——由此看来，大王受到的蒙蔽太深了！”

齐威王说：“你说得对！”于是颁布法令：“群臣、官吏、百姓能当面批评我的过错的，受上等赏赐；上书劝谏我的，受中等赏赐；能在公共场所议论我的过失，让我听到的，受下等赏赐。”法令刚颁布时，群臣纷纷进谏，宫廷门庭若市；几个月后，偶尔还有人进谏；一年后，即使有人想进言，也找不到可提的意见了。燕、赵、韩、魏等国听说后，都来齐国朝见。这就是所谓的“在朝廷上战胜他国”。

英文翻译

"Zou Ji’s Admonition to King Wei of Qi" (From Strategies of the Warring States, Qi Strategy I)
Zou Ji, standing eight feet tall and strikingly handsome, looked in the mirror one morning while dressed in court robes. He asked his wife, “Am I more handsome than Xu Gong of North City?” His wife replied, “You are far more beautiful! How could Xu Gong compare to you?” Xu Gong was renowned as the most handsome man in Qi. Doubting her answer, Zou Ji asked his concubine, “Do I surpass Xu Gong in beauty?” She echoed, “Xu Gong cannot match you!” Later, a visitor praised him: “You are more handsome than Xu Gong.” The next day, Xu Gong visited. Zou Ji scrutinized him and concluded he was indeed less attractive, even when comparing himself in the mirror. That night, he reflected: “My wife flatters me out of love; my concubine fears me; my guest seeks favors. All lied to flatter me.”

Zou Ji then advised King Wei: “Your Majesty, I am less handsome than Xu Gong. Yet my wife, concubine, and guest all claim I surpass him. By analogy, Your Majesty’s courtiers, subjects, and citizens all hide their true thoughts. Your advisors fear you; your people seek your favor; your mistresses cling to your affection. Thus, your vision is clouded!”

King Wei commanded: “Reward those who openly criticize me with great honors; reward those who write petitions with lesser honors; reward those who mock me publicly with minor rewards.” Initially, officials flocked to advise, filling the palace halls. Within months, only occasional counsel came; a year later, no flaws remained to point out. Neighboring states—Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei—all paid homage to Qi. Thus, victory was achieved not on the battlefield, but in the court.

背景补充

《邹忌讽齐王纳谏》是《战国策》的经典篇章，体现了春秋战国时期“讽谏”智慧与政治谋略的结合：

1. 以喻劝谏：邹忌以自身经历（比美）类比治国，揭示“私我”“畏我”“欲有求于我”导致君主受蒙蔽的普遍规律，避免直接批评引发抵触。
2. 纳谏机制：齐威王颁布分级奖赏制度，广开言路，形成“门庭若市”的谏言氛围，最终实现政治清明，国力强盛。
3. 历史影响：此篇成为后世“广开言路”的典范，与《邹忌讽齐王纳谏》相关的“门庭若市”“战胜于朝廷”等成语沿用至今，强调虚心纳谏对治国的重要性。

故事展现了战国策士“以事喻理”的语言艺术，以及君主从善如流的统治智慧，对儒家“谏议”思想和法家“术势”理论均有深远影响。